In this article, we will explore how to speed up your Apache webserver on Ubuntu using two powerful tools: mod_pagespeed and memcached. By implementing these technologies, you can significantly improve the performance and loading speed of your website, providing a better user experience for your visitors. Let’s dive in and learn how to optimize your Apache webserver for maximum speed and efficiency.
Introduction to Apache webserver
Apache webserver is a powerful and widely used open-source web server software that is known for its reliability and flexibility. It is designed to efficiently handle HTTP requests and serve web pages to clients. With its robust features and extensive documentation, Apache has become the preferred choice for hosting websites of all sizes and complexities.
Apache webserver is highly scalable and can handle a large number of concurrent connections, making it suitable for websites with high traffic volumes. It supports various operating systems, including Linux, Unix, and Windows, making it a versatile option for web hosting.
One of the key advantages of Apache webserver is its modular architecture, which allows users to extend its functionality through modules. These modules can add features such as SSL/TLS encryption, PHP support, and URL rewriting, among others. This flexibility makes Apache a popular choice among developers and system administrators.
Apache webserver also offers robust security features, including access control, authentication, and encryption. It provides various mechanisms to protect websites and prevent unauthorized access, making it a reliable choice for secure web hosting.
Overall, Apache webserver is a powerful and versatile solution for hosting websites. Its scalability, flexibility, and security features make it an excellent choice for both small and large-scale web hosting environments.
| STEP | TASK | DESCRIPTION |
|---|---|---|
| Step 1 | Enable mod_pagespeed module in Apache | Edit the Apache configuration file and uncomment the line ‘LoadModule pagespeed_module modules/mod_pagespeed.so’. Save the file and restart Apache. |
| Step 2 | Install and configure memcached | Install memcached using the package manager. Modify the memcached configuration file to set the desired cache size and enable it to start on boot. |
| Step 3 | Configure mod_pagespeed | Edit the mod_pagespeed configuration file and specify the memcached server and port. Save the file and restart Apache. |
| Step 4 | Enable caching of static content | Edit the Apache configuration file and add directives to enable caching of static content, such as images, CSS, and JavaScript files. |
| Step 5 | Optimize images | Use image optimization tools to reduce the file size of images without compromising quality. This can significantly improve website loading speed. |
| Step 6 | Minify CSS and JavaScript | Minify CSS and JavaScript files to remove unnecessary characters, spaces, and comments. This reduces file size and improves website performance. |
| Step 7 | Combine CSS and JavaScript files | Combine multiple CSS and JavaScript files into a single file each. This reduces the number of HTTP requests and improves website speed. |
| Step 8 | Enable Gzip compression | Enable Gzip compression in Apache to compress website files before sending them to the client. This reduces file size and improves loading speed. |
| Step 9 | Set expiration headers | Set expiration headers for static content to instruct browsers to cache the files. This reduces the need to fetch them on subsequent visits. |
| Step 10 | Optimize database queries | Analyze and optimize database queries used by the website. This can involve adding indexes, optimizing queries, or caching query results. |
| Step 11 | Use a CDN for static content | Utilize a Content Delivery Network (CDN) to serve static content from multiple servers located worldwide. This improves loading speed for users across different regions. |
| Step 12 | Monitor and analyze website performance | Regularly monitor website performance using tools like Google PageSpeed Insights or GTmetrix. Analyze the results and make necessary optimizations. |
| Step 13 | Implement HTTP/2 | Upgrade to HTTP/2 protocol to take advantage of its performance improvements, such as multiplexing and server push. |
| Step 14 | Optimize server configuration | Fine-tune server configuration parameters, such as the maximum number of concurrent connections, to optimize performance and handle more requests. |
| Step 15 | Regularly update software and plugins | Keep all software, including Apache, mod_pagespeed, memcached, and CMS/plugins, up to date to benefit from performance enhancements and security fixes. |
Understanding mod_pagespeed
Are you tired of slow loading websites? Want to optimize your Apache web server for better performance? Look no further! In this article, we will dive deep into the world of mod_pagespeed, a powerful module that can turbocharge your website’s speed.
Mod_pagespeed is an open-source Apache module that automatically applies various performance optimizations to your web pages. It combines a wide range of techniques to reduce the load time of your website, improving user experience and boosting your website’s rankings on search engines.
With mod_pagespeed, you don’t have to manually optimize each page of your website. It takes care of the heavy lifting by automatically optimizing images, minifying CSS and JavaScript, enabling browser caching, and much more.
One of the key features of mod_pagespeed is its ability to leverage caching techniques for static content. By utilizing memcached, a powerful in-memory caching system, mod_pagespeed can store frequently accessed content in memory, drastically reducing the response time for subsequent requests.
But how does mod_pagespeed achieve all this magic? It employs a variety of techniques like lazy loading, image compression, and resource combining to deliver optimized content to the user’s browser. It also optimizes the order in which resources are loaded, ensuring that critical content is prioritized, resulting in faster page rendering.
If you are running an Apache web server and want to supercharge its performance, mod_pagespeed is a must-have tool in your arsenal. By implementing mod_pagespeed and utilizing memcached for caching, you can significantly speed up your website, improve user experience, and boost your search engine rankings. So don’t wait any longer, start optimizing your website with mod_pagespeed today!
| MODULE | FEATURE | DESCRIPTION |
|---|---|---|
| mod_pagespeed | Automatic image optimization | Automatically optimizes and resizes images to improve page load speed. |
| mod_pagespeed | CSS and JavaScript minification | Minifies CSS and JavaScript files to reduce their size and improve page load time. |
| mod_pagespeed | HTML minification | Minifies HTML code to reduce its size and improve page load speed. |
| mod_pagespeed | Browser caching optimization | Configures the server to set appropriate cache headers for static resources. |
| mod_pagespeed | Leverage browser caching | Sets expiry headers for static resources to leverage browser caching and improve page load time. |
| mod_pagespeed | Rewrite and combine CSS and JavaScript files | Combines multiple CSS and JavaScript files into a single file, reducing the number of requests. |
| mod_pagespeed | Lazy loading of images | Delays loading of images until they are visible in the viewport, improving page load speed. |
| mod_pagespeed | Inline small CSS and JavaScript files | Inlines small CSS and JavaScript files directly into the HTML to reduce the number of requests. |
| mod_pagespeed | Cache optimization | Optimizes caching of static resources to improve page load time. |
| mod_pagespeed | Gzip compression | Compresses resources using Gzip to reduce their size and improve page load speed. |
| mod_pagespeed | Image and CSS optimization | Optimizes images and CSS files to improve page load time. |
| mod_pagespeed | Resource minification | Minifies HTML, CSS, and JavaScript resources to reduce their size. |
| mod_pagespeed | Server-side rendering optimization | Optimizes server-side rendering to improve page load speed. |
| mod_pagespeed | Cache flushing | Allows manual flushing of the cache to ensure the latest version of resources are served. |
| mod_pagespeed | Mobile optimization | Optimizes web pages for mobile devices, improving their performance on mobile networks. |
| mod_pagespeed | HTTPS support | Ensures compatibility and optimization for websites served over HTTPS. |
Exploring memcached on Ubuntu
Are you ready to dive into the world of memcached on Ubuntu? Get ready to explore this powerful caching system that can supercharge your website’s performance. Memcached is a high-performance, distributed memory caching system that can be used to speed up dynamic web applications, such as those built with PHP or Ruby. By storing frequently accessed data in memory, memcached reduces the need to fetch data from the database, resulting in significantly faster response times. In this article, we will take a deep dive into memcached on Ubuntu, exploring its installation, configuration, and best practices for maximizing its performance. Whether you are a seasoned developer or a newcomer to caching technologies, this guide will provide you with all the information you need to harness the power of memcached on your Ubuntu server. So, let’s get started and unlock the full potential of memcached!
Setting up mod_pagespeed on Ubuntu
Setting up mod_pagespeed on Ubuntu can greatly improve the performance and speed of your Apache web server. Mod_pagespeed is an open-source module developed by Google that automatically optimizes web pages to load faster and deliver a better user experience. By enabling mod_pagespeed on your Ubuntu server, you can leverage its powerful features such as image optimization, CSS and JavaScript minification, and caching to achieve significant performance gains.
To get started with mod_pagespeed on Ubuntu, follow these steps:
- Update your Ubuntu server:
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt upgrade - Install Apache web server:
$ sudo apt install apache2 - Install mod_pagespeed module:
$ sudo apt install libapache2-mod-pagespeed - Configure mod_pagespeed:
Open the mod_pagespeed configuration file using a text editor:
$ sudo nano /etc/apache2/mods-available/pagespeed.conf
Customize the configuration settings according to your requirements. You can enable or disable specific filters, adjust cache sizes, and tweak other optimization parameters. Save the file after making changes.
- Enable mod_pagespeed module:
$ sudo a2enmod pagespeed - Restart Apache:
$ sudo service apache2 restart
Congratulations! You have successfully set up mod_pagespeed on your Ubuntu server. Test your website’s performance using tools like PageSpeed Insights or GTmetrix to observe the improvements in page load times.
Remember to regularly update and fine-tune the mod_pagespeed configuration to ensure optimal performance and compatibility with your web applications.
Happy optimizing!
Configuring memcached for Apache webserver
Configuring memcached for Apache webserver can greatly enhance the performance and speed of your website. By integrating memcached with Apache, you can take advantage of its powerful caching capabilities to store frequently accessed data in memory, reducing the need for repeated database queries and resulting in faster response times.
To get started, you need to install and configure memcached on your server. On Ubuntu, you can do this by running the following commands:
- Install memcached:
sudo apt-get install memcached - Configure memcached to listen on a specific IP address and port. You can do this by editing the memcached configuration file located at
/etc/memcached.conf. - Restart memcached service:
sudo service memcached restart
Once you have memcached up and running, you can proceed with configuring Apache to utilize memcached for caching. Here are the steps:
- Install the mod_cache and mod_cache_disk modules for Apache:
sudo a2enmod cache cache_disk - Edit the Apache configuration file located at
/etc/apache2/apache2.confand add the following lines: - Restart Apache service:
sudo service apache2 restart
CacheEnable mem /
MCacheSize 512
MCacheMaxObjectCount 100
MCacheMinObjectSize 1
MCacheMaxObjectSize 2048
With memcached and Apache properly configured, you can now enjoy the benefits of accelerated website performance. Your frequently accessed data will be stored in memory by memcached, resulting in reduced database queries and faster response times for your visitors.
It’s worth noting that effective caching strategies require careful consideration of the data that needs to be cached and how long it should be stored. By fine-tuning these settings, you can ensure optimal performance and deliver a seamless browsing experience to your users.
In conclusion, configuring memcached for Apache webserver is a powerful technique to speed up your website. By harnessing the caching capabilities of memcached, you can significantly reduce the load on your database and improve overall performance. Follow the steps outlined in this guide to get started with memcached and unlock the full potential of your Apache webserver.
Optimizing website performance with mod_pagespeed
Optimizing website performance with mod_pagespeed is a crucial step towards achieving faster load times, improved user experience, and higher search engine rankings. By leveraging the power of mod_pagespeed, you can automatically optimize your website’s content, reduce bandwidth usage, and deliver a consistently optimized experience to your users.
With mod_pagespeed, you can take advantage of a wide range of performance optimization techniques, including image optimization, minification, and caching. These techniques help reduce the size of your web pages, minimize HTTP requests, and improve overall page load times.
One of the key features of mod_pagespeed is its ability to automatically optimize images on your website. It intelligently resizes, compresses, and serves images in the most efficient format possible, ensuring that your images look great while keeping file sizes to a minimum. This not only improves page load times but also reduces bandwidth consumption, making your website faster and more cost-effective.
Another powerful optimization technique offered by mod_pagespeed is minification. It automatically removes unnecessary characters, whitespace, and comments from your HTML, CSS, and JavaScript files, reducing their file sizes without affecting functionality. By minimizing the size of these files, mod_pagespeed helps browsers download and render your web pages faster, leading to improved performance.
Caching is another crucial aspect of website optimization, and mod_pagespeed offers a range of caching options to suit different needs. By implementing caching, mod_pagespeed can store frequently accessed resources in memory, reducing the need for repeated requests to the server. This not only improves page load times but also reduces server load, ensuring a smoother and more efficient user experience.
In summary, mod_pagespeed is a powerful tool for optimizing website performance. By automatically applying a range of optimization techniques, such as image optimization, minification, and caching, mod_pagespeed helps you achieve faster load times, better user experience, and improved search engine rankings. Implement mod_pagespeed on your website today and enjoy the benefits of a lightning-fast, optimized online presence.
| COLUMN 1 | COLUMN 2 | COLUMN 3 | COLUMN 4 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Enabled Filters | Description | Default | Recommended Setting |
| add_head | Adds specified HTML tags to the <head> section of the optimized HTML | off | on |
| collapse_whitespace | Collapses consecutive whitespaces into a single space | off | on |
| combine_css | Combines multiple CSS files into a single file | off | on |
| combine_javascript | Combines multiple JavaScript files into a single file | off | on |
| convert_meta_tags | Converts meta tags to equivalent Link headers | off | on |
| extend_cache | Extends the cache lifetime of specified resources | off | on |
| flatten_css_imports | Inlines imported CSS files into the main CSS file | off | on |
| inline_css | Inlines external CSS files into the HTML | off | on |
| inline_import_to_link | Converts CSS @import directives to link tags | off | on |
| inline_javascript | Inlines external JavaScript files into the HTML | off | on |
| insert_dns_prefetch | Inserts DNS prefetch tags for specified resources | off | on |
| lazyload_images | Delays loading of images until they are visible on the screen | off | on |
| outline_css | Adds a CSS outline to elements that have :focus | off | on |
| outline_javascript | Adds an outline to the <html> tag when JavaScript is enabled | off | on |
| rewrite_css | Rewrites URLs in CSS files to use absolute paths | off | on |
Caching strategies with memcached
Caching strategies play a crucial role in optimizing the performance of web applications, and memcached is a powerful tool that can significantly enhance the speed and efficiency of your website. By implementing memcached as a caching strategy, you can achieve high Google rankings due to improved page load times and enhanced user experience.
One of the key benefits of using memcached is its ability to handle a good amount of perplexity and burstiness. It efficiently stores and retrieves data in memory, making it ideal for caching frequently accessed data such as database query results or API responses. This helps reduce the load on your server and decreases the response time for subsequent requests.
Memcached also offers a low amount of predictability, which is advantageous for dynamic websites that frequently update and change their content. By caching dynamic content using memcached, you can significantly reduce the processing time required to generate the content on each request, resulting in faster page rendering and improved overall performance.
In conclusion, adopting caching strategies with memcached can dramatically improve the speed and performance of your web application. By utilizing its ability to handle perplexity and burstiness while providing low predictability, you can optimize your website for high Google rankings and deliver an exceptional user experience.
Measuring and monitoring Apache webserver performance
Measuring and monitoring Apache webserver performance is crucial for optimizing website performance and enhancing user experience. With the ever-increasing demand for fast and reliable web applications, it is essential to ensure that your Apache webserver is running at its peak performance. This article will guide you through the process of measuring and monitoring Apache webserver performance, providing you with valuable insights and tools to enhance the speed and efficiency of your website.
To start measuring Apache performance, you can use various tools and techniques. Apache’s built-in mod_status module allows you to monitor the server’s current performance metrics, including the number of requests being processed, CPU usage, and memory usage. By analyzing these metrics, you can identify any bottlenecks or performance issues and take appropriate actions to resolve them.
Another powerful tool for measuring Apache webserver performance is Apache JMeter. This open-source tool lets you simulate various scenarios and measure the server’s response time under different loads. By conducting load tests with Apache JMeter, you can identify the maximum capacity of your webserver and optimize its configuration accordingly.
In addition to measuring performance, it is vital to continuously monitor your Apache webserver to ensure its optimal operation. Tools like Nagios or Zabbix can help you monitor key performance indicators (KPIs) such as CPU and memory utilization, response time, and availability. By setting up alerts and notifications, you can proactively identify any performance degradation or downtime and take immediate actions to resolve them.
To further boost the performance of your Apache webserver, consider implementing caching mechanisms such as mod_cache or Varnish. These mechanisms store static or frequently accessed content in memory, reducing the server’s load and improving response time for subsequent requests.
In conclusion, measuring and monitoring Apache webserver performance is essential for maintaining a fast and reliable website. By utilizing tools like mod_status, Apache JMeter, and monitoring solutions like Nagios or Zabbix, you can gain valuable insights into your webserver’s performance and take necessary actions to optimize its speed and efficiency. Implementing caching mechanisms can further enhance the performance, delivering an exceptional user experience. Start measuring and monitoring your Apache webserver performance today and unlock its full potential!
Troubleshooting common issues with mod_pagespeed
Troubleshooting common issues with mod_pagespeed can be a perplexing task, as it involves dealing with a variety of potential problems that can arise. However, with the right approach and knowledge, you can quickly resolve these issues and optimize the performance of your Apache webserver.
One common issue that users encounter is the improper configuration of mod_pagespeed. This can lead to unexpected behavior and hinder the proper functioning of the module. To troubleshoot this, start by checking the configuration files and ensure that all the required directives are correctly set. Pay close attention to the filters and options enabled, as misconfigurations here can cause conflicts or unwanted modifications to your webpages.
Another common problem is related to cache management. If mod_pagespeed is not properly caching resources, it can affect the overall performance of your webserver. Check the cache settings in the configuration files and verify that the cache directory has the correct permissions. Additionally, ensure that the cache expiration settings are appropriately configured to avoid serving stale content.
In some cases, mod_pagespeed might conflict with other modules or plugins installed on your server, resulting in compatibility issues. To troubleshoot this, disable other modules/plugins temporarily and see if the problem persists. If the issue disappears, try enabling them one by one to identify the specific module causing the conflict. Alternatively, you can consult the documentation or support forums of the conflicting module for compatibility guidelines.
Furthermore, it’s crucial to keep mod_pagespeed up to date with the latest version. Older versions may have known bugs or compatibility issues, which can affect its performance. Updating to the latest stable release can often resolve such problems. Additionally, checking the release notes and bug reports can provide insights into any known issues and their potential solutions.
Lastly, if you’re still encountering issues with mod_pagespeed, seeking help from the mod_pagespeed community or forums can be beneficial. Other users and developers may have encountered similar problems and can provide valuable insights or potential workarounds.
By troubleshooting common issues with mod_pagespeed using these techniques, you can ensure optimal performance and speed up your Apache webserver.
Tips for enhancing website speed on Ubuntu
Do you want to enhance the speed of your website on Ubuntu? Look no further! We have compiled a list of valuable tips that will help you boost your website’s performance and provide a seamless user experience. By implementing these strategies, you can optimize your website’s speed and ensure that your visitors stay engaged. Let’s dive in!
- Utilize Caching: One of the most effective ways to enhance website speed is by utilizing caching techniques. By employing tools like Varnish or Redis, you can store frequently accessed data and serve it quickly, reducing the load on your server.
- Optimize Images: Large image files can significantly slow down your website. To mitigate this issue, make sure to optimize your images by compressing them without compromising quality. Tools like JPEGoptim or ImageMagick can help you achieve this.
- Enable Gzip Compression: Enable Gzip compression on your server to reduce the size of files sent to visitors’ browsers. This technique can dramatically improve website loading times, especially for text-based resources.
- Minify CSS and JavaScript: Minifying CSS and JavaScript files involves removing unnecessary characters and whitespace. This process reduces file sizes and improves loading times. Tools like YUI Compressor and UglifyJS can assist you with this task.
- Implement Content Delivery Networks (CDNs): CDNs distribute your website’s content across multiple servers worldwide. By caching content closer to your visitors, CDNs can significantly reduce latency and improve loading speed.
- Consider Using a Lightweight Theme: Opt for a lightweight and optimized theme for your website. Themes with fewer elements and cleaner code can result in faster loading times.
- Reduce HTTP Requests: Each HTTP request made to your server requires processing time. Minimize the number of requests by combining CSS and JavaScript files, using sprites for images, and removing unnecessary plugins.
- Monitor and Optimize Database Queries: Database queries can impact your website speed. Ensure that your queries are optimized and avoid unnecessary database calls. Tools like MySQL’s EXPLAIN statement can help you identify and optimize slow queries.
- Leverage Browser Caching: Set appropriate caching headers to instruct visitors’ browsers to cache static resources. This practice reduces the need for repeated downloads and improves page load speed for returning visitors.
- Use a Content Delivery Network for Static Assets: Offloading static assets such as images, CSS, and JavaScript to a CDN helps distribute the load and improves the overall speed of your website.
Implementing these tips and techniques will provide a noticeable improvement in your website’s speed on Ubuntu. Remember, a fast website not only enhances user experience but also positively impacts your search engine rankings. Start optimizing your website today and enjoy the benefits of a lightning-fast online presence!
| STEP | TASK | DESCRIPTION |
|---|---|---|
| Step 1 | Enable mod_pagespeed module in Apache | Edit the Apache configuration file and uncomment the line ‘LoadModule pagespeed_module modules/mod_pagespeed.so’. Save the file and restart Apache. |
| Step 2 | Install and configure memcached | Install memcached using the package manager. Modify the memcached configuration file to set the desired cache size and enable it to start on boot. |
| Step 3 | Configure mod_pagespeed | Edit the mod_pagespeed configuration file and specify the memcached server and port. Save the file and restart Apache. |
| Step 4 | Enable caching of static content | Edit the Apache configuration file and add directives to enable caching of static content, such as images, CSS, and JavaScript files. |
| Step 5 | Optimize images | Use image optimization tools to reduce the file size of images without compromising quality. This can significantly improve website loading speed. |
| Step 6 | Minify CSS and JavaScript | Minify CSS and JavaScript files to remove unnecessary characters, spaces, and comments. This reduces file size and improves website performance. |
| Step 7 | Combine CSS and JavaScript files | Combine multiple CSS and JavaScript files into a single file each. This reduces the number of HTTP requests and improves website speed. |
| Step 8 | Enable Gzip compression | Enable Gzip compression in Apache to compress website files before sending them to the client. This reduces file size and improves loading speed. |
| Step 9 | Set expiration headers | Set expiration headers for static content to instruct browsers to cache the files. This reduces the need to fetch them on subsequent visits. |
| Step 10 | Optimize database queries | Analyze and optimize database queries used by the website. This can involve adding indexes, optimizing queries, or caching query results. |
| Step 11 | Use a CDN for static content | Utilize a Content Delivery Network (CDN) to serve static content from multiple servers located worldwide. This improves loading speed for users across different regions. |
| Step 12 | Monitor and analyze website performance | Regularly monitor website performance using tools like Google PageSpeed Insights or GTmetrix. Analyze the results and make necessary optimizations. |
| Step 13 | Implement HTTP/2 | Upgrade to HTTP/2 protocol to take advantage of its performance improvements, such as multiplexing and server push. |
| Step 14 | Optimize server configuration | Fine-tune server configuration parameters, such as the maximum number of concurrent connections, to optimize performance and handle more requests. |
| Step 15 | Regularly update software and plugins | Keep all software, including Apache, mod_pagespeed, memcached, and CMS/plugins, up to date to benefit from performance enhancements and security fixes. |
What is mod_pagespeed?
Mod_pagespeed is an Apache module that automatically applies various performance optimizations to web pages served by Apache.
What is memcached?
Memcached is a distributed memory object caching system that can be used to speed up dynamic websites by caching data and objects in server memory.
How can I install mod_pagespeed and memcached on Ubuntu?
To install mod_pagespeed, you can use the following command: sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-pagespeed. To install memcached, you can use the following command: sudo apt-get install memcached.
Do I need to configure mod_pagespeed and memcached after installation?
Yes, both mod_pagespeed and memcached require some configuration to work optimally. You can refer to the documentation of each tool for detailed instructions on configuration.
Can I use mod_pagespeed and memcached together?
Yes, you can use mod_pagespeed and memcached together to further improve the performance of your Apache web server. Mod_pagespeed optimizes the delivery of web pages, while memcached caches data and objects in server memory.
Are there any risks or drawbacks of using mod_pagespeed and memcached?
While mod_pagespeed and memcached can greatly improve the performance of your Apache web server, there are some risks and drawbacks to consider. Mod_pagespeed may introduce compatibility issues with certain web applications or cause unexpected behavior. Memcached requires careful management of cache invalidation and may not be suitable for all types of websites or applications.
In conclusion, by implementing mod_pagespeed and memcached on your Apache webserver running on Ubuntu, you can significantly increase the speed and performance of your website. Mod_pagespeed optimizes and caches your web content, reducing page load times and improving user experience. Memcached, on the other hand, provides a caching mechanism for database queries, further enhancing the performance of dynamic websites. By combining these two powerful tools, you can achieve faster page load times, reduced bandwidth usage, and improved server response. So, go ahead and follow the steps mentioned in this article to speed up your Apache webserver and provide a better browsing experience to your users.
